Italian Immigrants and Catholics
1) Came from south Italy (rural)
a) Anti-clerical
i) Critical of catholic hierarchy
ii) Celebrate festos
(1) Local celebration of Catholicism
(a) Disassociates them from the pope
2) Nationalist
a) To towns/birth place, not city or country
3) Immigration Boom (1880s)
a) Go to big cities of Northeast
i) New York City
b) 80% men
c) Came to make money
i) Then would return to Italy to marry/settle
d) Politics
i) None
e) Double minority
i) Immigrant minority (in terms of numbers)
ii) Looked down upon by 2nd generation Americans/citizens
f) Work
i) Manual labor
ii) Exceptions
(1) Some grow/sell produce (and distribute)
(a) Chef Boyardee
(b) Del Monte
g) Religion in the US
i) Most priests are Irish
(1) Reinforces anti-clerical views
ii) Mother Francis Cabrini
(1) Came to establish an Italian order of the church
4) 1900
a) 250,000 Italians in NYC (more than Rome)
b) Controversies
i) Protestant v. catholic (began with Protestant Reformation in Europe)
(1) Theology and structure of church
(a) Syllabus of errors
(i) List of errors/mistakes posted by martin luther
1. Accuses church of being too conservative
a. Pope says:
i. It’s impossible for them to be wrong
ii. Papal infallibility (declared by Pius IX, 1834)
iii. Only catholic church leads to god
iv. Church is state
v. Public schools/government should obey the church
vi. Not conservative
c) Catholics were majority of immigrants
i) Nativism
(1) Americans thought all immigrants were catholic/foreign/”not one of us”
(2) American names for Catholics
(a) Romanist
(b) Papist
d) Politics
i) Tammany hall
ii) Public schools
(1) Catholics upset because they were ruled by Protestants
e) Exaggerations/common misconceptions
i) No laws on immigration/citizenship at the time (except for Asians)
ii) Protestant businessmen of Catholics
(1) Pope and church disapproved of unions/striking
(a) Too liberal
iii) Catholics were only European at the time
f) Tensions with catholic church
i) Americanists
(1) Led by archbishop John Ireland
(a) Wants Irish to assimilate
(i) Join the melting pot
ii) Conservatives
(1) Led by archbishop Michael Corrigan
(a) Melting pot will destroy Irish/catholic culture
iii) Conclusion (1900)
(1) Pope announced that he was a conservative
(a) Defeat of americanists (continuation of conservatism)
(2) Baltimore council
(a) Parochial school system
(i) Big push to start/continue catholic schools
1. Only way to teach kids/please god
2. Public school is evil
iv) Papal encyclical issued for workers’ rights
(1) Won’t support unions until 1930s
Orthodox Christians
1) Catholic and orthodox church split in 1054
a) Splits within orthodox church
i) Eastern orthodox, Greek, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian
(1) Independent churches
(a) Don’t worship pope/hierarchy
(b) Theory and practices are very similar
(c) Split because of region
2) Differences
a) Language
i) Service in same language spoken in region
ii) Chanting
b) Didn’t try and convert others
c) Icons
i) Statues deemed sinful
ii) Pictures and decorations are good
d) No pews
i) Worship standing
3) Immigrants
a) Male
b) Single
c) Greek
d) Migratory
e) Apolitical
i) No need for citizenship
f) Largest group comes in 1900s
g) Work
i) Unskilled manual labor
(1) Greece was not industrialized
ii) Exception
(1) Food industry
(a) Diners/restaurants/etc.
Jews and Judaism
1) Covenant with god
a) Love/praise him
b) Establish church/practice religion
c) Lengthy code of ethics found in books
i) Torah
(1) First 5 holy books
ii) Old testament
(1) New testament is blasphemous
iii) Talmud
(1) Biblical analysis
(a) Opposite of catholic catechism
2) Synagogue
a) Worship center
i) Praise at sunset on Friday
(1) Opposite of Sunday worship
3) Rabbi
a) Priest
4) Holy days
a) Rosh Hashanah
b) Yom Kippur – most important
i) Admit mistakes/repent/promise to do better in the new year
c) Hanukah
d) Purim
5) Immigration (1840-1880)
a) Mostly German
i) Speak German/German culture
ii) Orthodox Jew and reform Jew
(1) Worship in Hebrew
(2) Torah/etc. are considered flawless
(a) Must be followed strictly
(i) 613 commandments
1. Opposed to Christian 10
2. Unalterable
3. Example
a. Kosher rules
b) Gender roles
i) Orthodox Jew
(1) Only men can lead because they are taught Hebrew
(a) Women forbade from learning Hebrew
(i) Forced to sit in the back of church
(2) Women cook/clean/etc.
(a) Maintain kosher
ii) Reform Jew
(1) Founded by Isaac Wisk
(a) Pittsburgh platform
(i) Rationalism in interpreting commandments
1. Bible represents old view of civilization
a. Accept modern science
(ii) Don’t keep kosher
(iii) Keep ancient ethics
(iv) Assimilation
1. Mixed gender in church/school
2. Clothes
a. No weird/fancy robes
b. Dress normal
3. Don’t practice/speak Hebrew
6) Immigration (1880-1920)
a) Biggest influx
i) Eastern European (Russian)
ii) Mostly orthodox Jew
iii) Speak Yiddish
iv) Settle in Lower East Side, NYC
(1) 75% Jewish population
(a) NYC was 25% Jew
(i) 1918 – 1.5 million Jews
1. More than most places in the world
b) Working class
i) Most work in clothing industry (as described in Common Sense and a Little Fire)
ii) Most small business runs by Jews
(1) Especially clothing
c) Politics and citizenship
i) Quandary
(1) Distinct culture
(2) Don’t want to change
(3) Want to be Americans
ii) Most become citizens and stay in America
(1) Become a powerful political group
7) Variations in Judaism
a) Orthodox/reform
b) Conservative
i) Emerge in 1900
ii) Mix of orthodox and reform
(1) Middle ground
(a) Non-observant
(b) Secular
(c) Judaism as heritage, not religion
c) Zionism
i) Late 19th century
(1) Around before, but not as an organized movement
ii) Secular
iii) Orthodox critique (reject it)
(1) Not religious enough
iv) Reform critique
(1) Undermines American beliefs/values
(a) Thus undermines success of all Jews
8) Anti-Semitism
a) Not violent
b) Found in most sectors
c) Protocols of the Elders of Zion
i) Racist book believed by most Americans
ii) Describes nonexistent/bizarre rituals practiced by Jews
d) Belief that Jews don’t change through time
i) Look/act the same forever
(1) Always sinister/evil
(2) Can be picked out of a lineup
Asian Immigration
1) Chinese
a) Began before civil war (1861)
b) Mostly single men
c) Returners (like Italians)
d) Came to escape extreme poverty
e) Small numbers
f) Settled in Western US
i) Already low Western population made the effect of immigration increase
g) Non-Christian (Confucian beliefs)
i) Huge emphasis on culture/roots/national loyalty/family
h) Work
i) Unskilled manual labor
ii) Railroads
(1) Laying track
(a) No Chinese engineers
i) Racism/discrimination
i) Non-white/non-Christian “heathens”
ii) Claimed to be
(1) Unintelligent
(2) Have no historical contribution to the world
(3) Worked too hard
(a) Took jobs away from Americans/Europeans
iii) Not allowed to become citizens/vote/own property
iv) Chinese exclusion act (post civil war, 1865)
(1) Designed to end Asian immigration (with very few exceptions)
(a) Not allowed to enter US
(b) Not many Chinese women (no natural birth rate)
(i) Most Chinese women in US were kidnapped slaves/prostitutes
(c) Many leave because of disenfranchisement/mission done (making money)
(d) 1880 – 150,000
(e) 1900 – 90,000
(f) 1920 – 61,000
2) Japanese
a) Permanent settlers
b) After Chinese exclusion act
i) US owns Hawaii
(1) American disease killed Hawaii natives
(a) 1855 – 1924, 200,000 Japanese moved to Hawaii for work
(i) Many women/families (far more than Chinese)
1. Natural population growth
c) 1865 – 1924, 180,000 Japanese move to mainland US
i) 2nd generation Japanese allowed to become citizens
(1) Immigrants not allowed
(2) Mainland US only (Hawaii not included)
(3) Father would buy land, but not allowed to own it
(a) Put the land in 2nd generation son’s name
d) Non-Christian
i) Combines Buddhism/Shinto/Confucianism
e) Racism/discrimination
i) Citizenship (above)
ii) Gentleman’s agreement, 1908
(1) Implemented by the US
(a) Limits Japanese immigration
(2) Japanese government enacts similar legislation
(a) Limits Japanese emigration
(3) Only skilled/bilingual/Christian Japanese allowed to come to US
f) Business
i) Hawaii
(1) Farming
ii) Mainland US
(1) Business owners
(2) Manual labor
Nativism (1910-1920s)
1) Dillingham commission
a) Lengthy government project
b) “Proves” that Europe is dumber than America
i) They are “eccentric, prone to crime, inherent emotions in races”
c) Backed by IQ tests (new invention)
d) HH Goddard
i) 80%+ immigrants had IQ lower than a 12 year old American
(1) IQ can never change
(a) Moron, age 8-12
(b) Imbecile, age 3-7
(c) Idiot, age 3 and under
e) Madison Grant
i) The Passing of the Great Race
(1) Presents the idea that America (greatness) is being diluted by immigrants (blood line)
2) WWI (1914-1918)
a) Initial neutrality
i) Why
(1) Ethnic variations might split America up
(a) Irish hate British
(b) Quakers
(i) Pacifists
b) US entry
i) Reasons
(1) Submarine warfare
(a) Lusitania sank in neutral waters
(2) Christian initiative
(a) Portrays Germany as ungodly animals
(3) Anti-German hysteria
(a) Pits immigrants against immigrants
(b) Cancel German classes
(c) Change names of German things
(d) Limited to Germany (not Czechs/Slavs/etc.)
(e) Most Germans were US patriots and did not support Germany
c) First Red Scare
i) Communists
(1) Feared because independent bombers were killing small numbers of people across the US in different places
(a) No proof of communist connection (not known who is responsible)
ii) Palmer raids
(1) Arrested/discriminated people who looked like communists
(a) Popular with
(i) Immigrants
(ii) Native born Americans
(b) Those arrested were often deported
3) Post WWI
a) KKK (1915, WWI not over until 1918)
i) Anti-black/Semitic/immigrant/Catholic/etc.
ii) Pro-white/Protestant
iii) No masks
(1) Proud Americans
(2) Actual political force (supported politicians/gave money/etc.)
b) Quota laws (1920s)
i) Targeted Catholics/Jews
ii) Calvin Coolidge
(1) Republican conservative
(2) Open racist
(a) Supported/influenced Dillingham commission
c) Eugenics (very popular)
i) Encouraged more upper-class people to have babies
ii) Punitive
(1) Passed by state governments
(2) After 2 kids, lower class women will be sterilized
(a) 29,000 people sterilized between 1927-1940
(3) Buck v. Bell
(a) Supreme Court rule that mandatory sterilization is legal
1910-1930s Culture Replaces Victorian
1) 1910s
a) Bohemians
i) Love big cities
(1) Greenwich Village, NYC (central location)
ii) Sigmund Freud
(1) The Interpretation of Dreams
(a) Take this mean that they should talk about anything, anytime, freely
iii) Art
(1) Impressionism
(a) Picasso
b) Cars
i) Model T by Henry Ford
(1) First affordable car
ii) Causes change in courtship
(1) Dating replaces calling
(a) No chaperone/supervision
c) Movies
i) Began as nickelodeons
ii) Charlie Chaplin
(1) First movie star
(a) People will pay more, wait longer, and plan around a movie time
(2) The Little Tramp
(a) Made fun of Victorian manners
iii) DW Griffith
(1) Birth of a Nation
(a) Outdoor scenery + large cast + drama + 2 hours long = expensive
iv) Popularization of movies turns small business into big businesses
(1) 2nd generation American Jews were major owners
(a) Universal, Paramount, 20th Century Fox, Columbia, Warner Brothers, MGM
(i) No Yiddish/Jew influence
1. Made solely for profit
d) Music
i) Tin Pan Alley
(1) Place for writing/producing music
(a) Only sheet music
ii) Ragtime
(1) Popularized by Scott Joplin
iii) Jazz
(1) Began in the south (New Orleans)
(2) Based on improvisation (opposed to sheet music)
(3) Jelly Roll Morton
iv) Blues
(1) WC Handy
(a) Producer/writer
v) Spread of ragtime/jazz/blues
(1) Great Migration
(a) Takes music all over the US
(2) Phonograph/album
(a) Eliminates need sheet music
(b) Popularizes individual singers for their voice
2) 1920s
a) Opposition to Prohibition was minority for next 20 years
i) Speakeasies
ii) Bootleggers
b) Jazz/blues
i) Successful because of radio
ii) Louis Armstrong
(1) Use brass (opposed to piano) – never done before
iii) George Gershwin
(1) Produces jazz for whites
c) Flappers
i) Challenge cultural norm of how a woman should act/dress
(1) Shorter dresses/hair
(2) Show arms
(3) Enjoy jazz/blues
(a) Go to speakeasies to hear it
(4) Dance differently
(a) Charleston
(5) Wore cosmetics
ii) influenced by Freud
(1) Talk about sex/desires
iii) Apolitical
(1) No interest in suffrage
d) Movies
i) Silent
ii) Romance movies
(1) Implied sexuality on the part of women
(a) Clara Bow
iii) The Jazz Singer, 1927
(1) First “talkie”
e) Novelists
i) F. Scott Fitzgerald
(1) The Great Gatsby
ii) Sinclair Lewis
(1) Criticized America/capitalism
iii) Ernest Hemingway
f) Poets
i) EE Cummings
(1) Wrote with no regards to typical poetry
Movie
1) Jazz/Blues (1910-1920s)
a) Associated with blacks/voodoo/evil
i) Outlawed in many places
(1) Accepted at speakeasies
(a) All run by Al Capone/Bugsy Malone
(b) Meet up spot for rebels/flappers/blacks
1930s Culture
1) Movies (all talking)
a) Gangster movies popularized
i) Popular because of sound (existed before but sucked without sound)
b) Romance
i) Sexuality through words
(1) Mae West
c) Conservative backlash
i) Led by catholic church
ii) Production Code Administration
(1) Joe Brown
(a) Catholic Legion of Decency, 1934
(i) Threatened to boycott any movie that Joe Brown objected to
(ii) Censored situations/words/scenes
(iii) Led to movie bans
(iv) Movies must show clear good/bad guy
(v) No profanity/dancing/obscenity
(vi) Pro-catholic values
d) Golden age of Hollywood
i) Lots people seeing movies/lots of movies made
ii) Writers found ways around Production Code
iii) Musicals created
(1) Fred Astaire
iv) Screwball comedies
(1) Women portrayed as strong/tough/smart/anti-family
(2) Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
(a) Secretary has to do the work for Mr. Smith
v) Dramas
(1) Gone With the Wind
(a) Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn
(i) Fought production code and won
2) Swing music
a) Variation of jazz
b) Mainstream, played with big bands
i) Benny Goodman (King of Swing)
(1) Integrated orchestra
ii) Duke Ellington
(1) Popular with whites/blacks
(a) Didn’t “sound” black on the radio
3) Songs
a) Broadway Musicals
i) Cole Porter
(1) Wrote popular, fast, up-beat songs with shocking lyrics
4) Other music
a) Grand Ol’ Opry
i) Mainstream country
(1) Non-electric string instruments
b) Western swing
i) Bob Wills
c) Folk
i) Woody Guthrie
(1) Sympathy with working man/poor/unemployed)
5) Radio
a) NBC/CBS (national networks)
b) Highly scheduled
c) Drama
i) War of the Worlds (unscheduled)
6) Conclusions (1920s-1930s)
a) Roaring 20s
b) Symbol of change
i) Airplanes
(1) Wright Brothers (1900)
(2) Charles Lindbergh (1920)
(a) Message
(i) Anything can be done
c) Urban culture
GM strike
Demand for better wages benefits
To have a say, not just being bossed
Sit down strike
Picket outside
Violence on protestors
Inside violence would damage equipment
Walter Reuther
CIO wins strike
Steel strike
Controversies: foreign policy
1) 1930-1940s
a) Adolf hitler
i) Nazi
ii) Control german govt in 1930s
iii) Starts ww2 in 1939 by invading poland
(1) Anti-semitic laws
(2) Not full scale death camps yet
b) Quota laws in US still in place
i) Jews/germans cant get into US
c) US isolationism
i) Supported by majority
ii) Pacifism
(1) Led by protestants
(2) A j Muste
(a) Bible wants ppl to avoid war/killing
d) Anti-communism
i) Hitler was anti-communist
(1) Seen as alright by Americans
(a) Mostly by Catholics
e) Anti-Semitism
i) In the US
(1) Father Charles Coughlin
(a) Ran radio ministry with nationwide audience
(2) Racism
(a) Mostly towards Asians
(i) Americans thought japan was a big threat
1. Asians were catholics (support hitler)
2. Sympathetic to Europe (and hitler)
f) Communism
i) Ussr and Germany made diplomatic agreement before ww2
(1) Ussr agreed to stay out of war
(a) American communists wanted neutrality
(i) Believed US could make a deal with hitler
ii) Ends the Popular front era
g) Past experience with ww1
i) Effects new era leading up to ww2
ii) Cause of isolationism (and many of the above things)
h) Challenge to isolationism
i) Reinhold niebur
(1) No utopia is possible
(2) Neo-orthodoxy
(3) Nature and destiny of man
(4) Moral man and immoral society
(a) Cant change the world because its imperfect
(b) Must change some things, and accept bad things that cant be changed
(5) Believes Christian must stop injustice even in 3rd world
(6) Criticize pacifism
(7) Criticize protestant literalists
(8) Belief in higher criticism
(9) Denounce modernists, social darwinism
(10)True chrisitans support liberal view
(11)Against Vietnam
(a) For cold war
i) Roosevelt (FDR) policy
j) Us entry into war
i) Pearl harbor, dec. 7, 1941
ii) Holocaust is proven
(1) Nuremburg trials
(a) Wanted to create new international law concept to punish war crimes
(i) International body to establish standard
k) Zionism
i) Majority of jews endorese by 1930s
(1) Because of holocaust
(2) Move to Palestine
(a) Declare Israel a state in 1948
(i) Supported by US president Harry Truman (democrat)
1. Also supported by republicans
a. Almost total support by America
i. Thus Christians
l) Jehovah’s witnesses
i) Quick apocalypse of entire world
(1) Very soon
(2) Patriotism is sinful because America is sinful
(a) Don’t pledge allegiance
(b) Gobitis case
(i) Gobitis kids refuse to pledge allegiance to the flag or participate in school patriotic activities
1. Kids are expelled
a. Supreme court ruled that school board was correct
i. Increase in discrimination against jehovah witnesses such as fired from job, expelled from school, kicked out of apartments
ii. Negates 1st amendment rights
iii. Decrees that school board is allowed to make such rules
iv. National security is dependent on national unity
v. Religion does not negate political requirements in a political society
(c) Barnette case
(i) Reverses gobitis decision completely
(ii) Government cannot coerce minorities to believe what majority wants
(iii) Celebrates rights of minority
m) Japanese-american relocation into internment camps (1942-1946)
i) Based completely on racism – not fact
ii) Homes/possessions openly stolen from japanese
iii) Hirabayashi v US
(1) Supreme Court rules in favor government
iv) No state wanted to accept Japanese population
(1) Camps located in the middle of nowhere
(a) All across the US
(b) Impossible to get a job
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