Immigration
1) Chronology
a) Pre CW
i) Irish Catholic, German Jew, Chinese
b) Post CW
i) “New” immigrants
(1) Eastern European Jew, Italian, Greek, Japanese
2) Statue of Liberty (1886)
a) New immigrants made it their symbol
i) “Give us your tired, etc.” added 1903
b) Ellis Island (1892)
i) Center for immigration processing
ii) Government streamlined process/cleaned people up
3) Immigrant Movements
a) Immigrants go all over the world
i) Only 55% come to U.S.
(1) Some travel West
(2) Some stay in the Eastern big cities (tenements)
(3) None travel South
(a) Existing cheap labor force
(b) Lack of big/booming industry
4) Reasons for Immigrating
a) Large working class (no shortage of jobs/pay better than Europe)
b) Easy to become a citizen/gain voting rights
i) Most of Europe is still ruled by monarchies, etc.
(1) No citizen participation
ii) Asians not allowed to become citizens
c) Escape hardship
5) Ethnic Identification – inherent, alterable, called race (implies genetics)
a) All but eastern Europeans became “white”
i) Still keep strong ethnic identity
Catholic Religious Structure Similarities
1) Roman Catholics
2) Unity, hierarchy, authority
a) Pope
i) Jesus created position
(1) Bragging right – man created the other churches (Protestant antagonism)
ii) Located at the Vatican (holy government)
b) Priests
i) Controlled Parish (where you must worship)
(1) As opposed to Protestants
(a) Worship anywhere, dress informal, reject Pope, etc.
ii) Celibate
(1) Protestant disagreed
c) Intermediaries
i) Church
(1) Primary source of answers
(a) All other churches are wrong/tell lies
(2) Baltimore catechism
(a) Provides simple answers to life’s tough questions
(b) Easy to memorize/teach to others
ii) The Bible
(1) Should be read by a priest because it is too easy to misinterpret
(a) Encouraged focus on catechisms
(b) Opposite of Protestants (focus on reading)
iii) Mary
(1) Without sin because of God
(a) Opposite of Protestants
(2) Rosary
(a) Enforces theme of mystery and remembrance of Jesus
(3) Sometimes appears to help guide sinners
iv) Saints
v) Angels
(1) Protestants think all these things were made up
3) Interpretation of God
a) He made rules, and is always watching to make sure they are followed
4) Interpretation of Human Nature
a) People are bad
i) Born with original sin
ii) Cause of all misery in the world
(1) Must accept guilt
iii) Only God can grant forgiveness
5) Mass – central themes of mystery, magic, beyond human reason, eternality
a) Always the same in every way
b) Not a sermon
i) Said in Latin
ii) Facing alter
iii) Singing/talking not allowed
iv) No faith healings/emphasis on emotion
c) Holy Communion
i) Literal body of Christ
(1) Wafer placed directly on the tongue to avoid human contamination
ii) Confession held on Saturday s (19th century) – very important to proper worship
Catholic differences
6) Immigrant/Ethnic Catholicism
a) Ireland ruled by Protestant Britain
i) Immigrated before CW because of potato famine era (1845-1855)
(1) 50% female immigrants
(a) Rapidly populated
(2) Continued to immigrate after famine, in larger numbers
ii) Dominated church (majority of clergy)
(1) Catholic Irish married other catholic Irish
(a) At least one child is expected to become a priest (honor)
iii) Politics
(1) Since Irish could not vote in Ireland, large majorities participate in America
(a) Quickly gain political power for other Irish
(2) Mostly Democrats
(3) Tammany Hall, NYC
(a) Capitalized on massive immigrant numbers
(b) Very powerful machine for Irish Democrats
(i) City jobs (police, firemen, etc.) then dominated by Irish
iv) Economy
(1) Mostly working class
(a) Women became domestics for middle class people
(b) Saloons
(i) Not incredibly profitable, but better than industrial work
(2) Wealthy “lace curtain” Irish were male members of middle class
(a) The Kennedy’s
7) Italians
a) Background in southern Italy
i) Rural
ii) Anticlerical
(1) Clergy is too wealthy, snobbish, out of touch with the people, etc.
iii) Not industrialized
iv) Festas
(1) For local saints
b) Immigration boom – 1880s
i) Migrate to big cities of northeast
(1) Especially New York City
ii) 80% men
(1) Came to make money and go back home
(a) Apolitical (no citizenship no voting)
c) Double minority
i) American minority and immigrant minority
d) Relationship with Irish immigrants
i) Dislike Irish because they are “bossy”
ii) Irish didn’t like Italians because they were “impoverished farm hicks”
iii) Italians were anticlerical and there were many Irish priests
iv) Both are catholic groups but don’t like each other
e) Work
i) Manual labor
(1) Padrone
(a) Boss man that ripped off employees
f) Mother Francis Cabrini
i) Italian that becomes a saint
ii) Worked in New York church
8) Controversy
a) Protestant versus catholic
i) Before Civil War ends
(1) Disagree on general church matters
(a) Italians
(i) Separate church and state (liberalism)
(ii) Syllabus of errors
1. Long list of problems with protestant beliefs and practices
(iii) Papal infallibility
1. Pope can never be wrong with his interpretation of scripture
ii) Post Civil War
(1) Most immigrants are catholic
(a) Tensions within catholic church
(i) Americanists
1. Archbishop John Ireland
a. Preach assimilation to followers
i. Learn English
ii. Join melting pot
iii. Will prove that immigrants aren’t a threat
(ii) Conservatives
1. Archbishop Michael Corrigan
a. Hang on to traditions and customs
i. Assimilation would weaken immigrants and the church
(iii) Conclusion by 1900s
1. Baltimore Council
a. Catholic kids need to go to parochial schools
b. Papal encyclical issued for workers’ rights (opposite of political conservatives)
c. Americanists lose
(2) Protestants
(a) Nativism
(i) Foreigners and their beliefs (even anticlerical Italians) are a danger to America
(ii) Discriminatory terms for foreigners
1. Romanist
a. Loyal to roman rulers in Rome (Pope, clergy, etc.)
2. Papist
a. Loyal to foreign ideas/not American ones
(b) Believed that immigrants have always been/are being duped (party bosses, etc.)
(c) Majority of people attending public schools
(i) Host protestant bible readings
(ii) Advocate protestant teachings, which were anti-catholic
Orthodox Christians
1) Catholic and orthodox church split in 1054
a) Splits within orthodox church
i) Eastern orthodox, Greek, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian
(1) Independent churches
(a) Don’t worship pope/hierarchy
(b) Theory and practices are very similar
2) Differences
a) Language
i) Service in same language spoken in region
ii) Chanting
b) Icons
i) Statues deemed sinful
ii) Pictures and decorations are good
iii) Icons have mystical spiritual connections with the actual saints
c) No pews
i) Worship standing
3) Immigrants
a) Greek (largest group)
i) Circa 1900s
ii) Single males
iii) Migratory
(1) Come for work then go back to Greece
iv) Apolitical
(1) No need for citizenship, so won’t be able to vote
b) Work
i) Mostly unskilled manual labor
(1) Greece was not industrialized
ii) Exception
(1) Food industry (diners/restaurants)
Jews and Judaism
1) Believe they are gods “chosen ones”
2) Covenant with god
a) Revolves around commandments and ethics
i) Explained in Hebrew bible
(1) Torah
(a) First 5 holy books
(b) Most important and very special to them
(2) Old testament
(a) New testament is believed to be blasphemous
(3) Talmud (explains bible)
(a) Biblical analysis
(i) Not gods words
(ii) Opposite of catholic catechism
3) Synagogue
a) Worship center
i) Praise at sunset on Friday
(1) Opposite of Sunday worship
b) Rabbi
i) Leads synagogue
4) Holy days
a) Yom Kippur – most important
i) Admit mistakes/repent/promise to do better in the new year
5) Diaspora
a) Movement from Israel and around world
i) Causes feelings of being eternal migrants
b) First Immigration wave (1840-1880)
i) Roughly 250k Jews
i) Mostly German
(1) Speak German/German culture
(2) Orthodox Jew
(a) Worship in Hebrew
(b) Torah/etc. are considered flawless
(i) Must be followed strictly
1. 613 commandments
a. Opposed to Christian 10
b. Unalterable
c. Kosher rules
(3) Reform Jew (majority)
(a) Founded by Rabbi Isaac Wise
(b) Pittsburgh platform
(i) Rationalism in interpreting commandments
1. Bible represents old view of civilization
a. Accept modern science
b. Don’t keep kosher
(ii) Keep ancient ethics
(iii) Assimilation
1. Clothes
a. No weird/fancy robes
b. Dress normal
2. Don’t practice/speak Hebrew
(c) Work
(i) Small businessmen
1. Goldman Sachs
b) Gender roles
i) Orthodox Jew
(1) Only Hebrew can be spoken in the synagogue
(a) Only men are allowed to learn Hebrew
(i) Only men can be synagogue leaders because they are taught Hebrew
(2) Women forbade from learning Hebrew
(a) Forced to sit in the back of church
(3) Women cook/clean/etc.
(a) Maintain kosher (very important)
ii) Reform Jew
(1) Mixed gender in church/school
6) Second immigration wave (1880-1920)
a) Biggest influx – over 2.5M Jews
i) Eastern European (Russian)
(1) To escape persecution
(2) Mostly orthodox Jew
(3) Speak Yiddish (Hebrew/Russian combination)
ii) Settle mostly in Lower East Side, NYC
(1) 75% Jewish population
(a) NYC was 25% Jew
1. 1918 – 1.5 million Jews (more than most places in the world)
b) Working class
i) Most small businesses runs by Jews
(1) Clothes
(a) Most work in clothing industry (as described in Common Sense and a Little Fire)
(b) Some were small shops setup by other Jews (5-10 people)
(2) Food
(a) Especially kosher places
c) Politics and citizenship
i) Came to escape persecution, so they will not return to Russia
(1) Most become citizens, all stay in America
ii) Assimilation (partly)
(1) Distinct culture, don’t want to change
(2) Want to be Americans
(3) Abraham Cahan
(a) Editor/publisher of The Forward (popular Jewish newspaper)
iii) Become a powerful political group for socialism, communism, anarchism, etc.
(1) Small percent were democrat or republican
7) Variations in Judaism
a) Orthodox/reform (noted above)
b) Conservative
i) Mix of orthodox and reform
(1) Middle ground
c) Non-observant
i) Secular
ii) Judaism as heritage/ethnic group, not religion
d) Zionism
i) All Jews across the world need to move to what used to be Israel
ii) Late 19th century
(1) Around before, but not as an organized movement
(2) Not popular now but will be later (no Jewish support in the 1900s)
iii) Secular
iv) Orthodox critique
(1) Not religious enough (too secular)
v) Reform critique
(1) Undermines American beliefs/values (thus undermines success of all Jews)
8) Anti-Semitism
a) Religious people hated them because the Jews killed Jesus
i) Thus don’t follow or like him
(1) Thus will go to hell
(a) People that go to hell are evil
b) Non-zealots hated them because they thought that Jews were all rich bankers and radicals
c) Belief that Jews don’t change through time
i) Look/act the same forever (can be picked out of a lineup)
d) There was also a lot of religious tolerance
Asian Immigration
1) Chinese
a) Began before civil war (1861)
b) Small numbers
i) Mostly single men
c) Settled in Western US
i) Already low Western population made the effect of immigration increase
d) Non-Christian (Confucian beliefs)
i) Huge emphasis on culture/roots/national loyalty/family
e) Work
i) Number one reason for coming to America (escape extreme poverty)
ii) Unskilled manual labor
(1) The 49 gold rush
(2) Small businesses
(a) Laundry
(b) Restaurants
(3) Railroads
(a) Laying track
(i) No Chinese engineers
f) Racism/discrimination
i) Non-white/inferior/non-Christian “heathens”
ii) Not allowed to become citizens/vote/own property
iii) Chinese exclusion act (post Civil War, 1865)
(1) Designed to end Asian immigration (with very few exceptions)
(a) Not allowed to enter US
(b) Not many Chinese women (no natural birth rate)
(i) Most Chinese women in US were kidnapped slaves/prostitutes
(c) Many leave because of disenfranchisement/mission done (making money)
2) Japanese
a) Independent
b) Permanent settlers
c) After Chinese exclusion act
i) US owns Hawaii
(1) American disease killed Hawaii natives
(a) 1855 – 1924, 200,000 Japanese moved to Hawaii for work
(i) Many women/families (far more than Native Hawaiians)
1. Natural population growth
d) 1865 – 1924, 180,000 Japanese move to mainland US (after Chinese)
i) 2nd generation Japanese allowed to become citizens
(1) Mainland US only (Hawaii not included)
(2) Father would buy land, but not allowed to own it
(a) Put the land in 2nd generation son’s name
e) Non-Christian
i) Combines Buddhism/Shinto/Confucianism
f) Racism/discrimination
i) Citizenship (above)
ii) Gentleman’s agreement, 1908
(1) Implemented by the US
(a) Limits Japanese immigration
(2) Japanese government enacts similar legislation
(a) Limits Japanese emigration
(3) Only skilled/bilingual/Christian Japanese allowed to come to US
g) Work
i) Hawaii
(1) Farming
(a) Cash crop sugar farms
ii) Mainland US
(1) Business owners
(2) Manual labor
Nativism (1910-1920s)
1) Dillingham commission
a) Lengthy government project
b) “Proves” that Europe is dumber than America
c) Backed by IQ tests (new invention)
2) WWI (1914-1918)
a) Initial neutrality
i) Why
(1) Ethnic variations might split America up
(a) Irish hate British
(b) Quakers are pacifists
b) US entry
i) Reasons
(1) Existing anti-German hysteria
(a) Pits immigrants against immigrants
(b) Cancel German classes
(c) Change names of German things (hamburger=liberty steak, German shepherd=Alsatian shepherd, Germantown, Nebraska=Garland, Berlin, Iowa=Lincoln)
(d) Limited to Germany (not Czechs/Slavs/etc.)
(i) Most Germans were actually US patriots and did not support Germany
3) First Red Scare
a) Communists
i) Directly targeted Russians
(1) Used as scapegoats because communists can’t be identified by any physical features
4) KKK
a) Utilizes nativist popularity
b) Anti-black/Semitic/immigrant/Catholic/etc.
c) Pro-white/Protestant
d) No masks
i) Proud Americans
ii) Actual political force (supported politicians/gave money/etc.)
5) Quota laws (1920s)
a) Each country given a quota
i) England=65k, Poland=6k, Italy=6k
b) Directly targeted Catholics/Jews (east Europe)
c) Calvin Coolidge
i) Republican conservative
ii) Open racist
(1) Supported/influenced Dillingham commission
6) Post WWI
a) Criticism of Nativism
i) Al Smith
(1) D-NY
(2) Comes from Tammany Hall
(3) 1st catholic to run for president
(a) All winners and losers of presidential race were protestant
(b) Lost due to Nativism
b) Eugenics
i) Idea that it is possible to develop superior human beings
ii) Two step method
(1) Upper class need to have more children
(2) Sterilize the poor (many were immigrants)
(a) California was leader
(i) 29k in California (1927-1940)
(ii) 15k in California (1940s)
(b) All were state laws (no national/federal laws)
(i) Supreme court approves of mandatory sterilization laws
1. Buck v Bell
a. Sterilization of three generations of Buck family women deemed okay
1910-1930s Culture (Replacing Victorian)
1) 1910s
a) Bohemians
i) Small group
ii) Love big cities
(1) Greenwich Village, NYC (central location)
(a) Max Eastman
(i) Produced The Masses
iii) Sigmund Freud (European)
(1) The Interpretation of Dreams
(a) Repressing feelings is psychologically harmful
(b) The unconscious should be explored and embraced
(i) Take this to mean that they should talk about anything, anytime, freely
iv) Politics
(1) Leftist/anarchist/liberals
(2) Support unions/business restraints/etc.
v) Art
(1) Impressionism
(a) Challenges realism
(b) Claude Monet
(2) Modernism
(a) Picasso
b) Cars
i) Model T by Henry Ford
(1) First affordable car (not first car)
(a) Lowers price every subsequent year
(i) Possible because of the production line
ii) Causes change in courtship
(1) Dating replaces calling
(a) No chaperone/supervision
iii) Total change in transportation
(1) All people through history, prior to Model T, had to walk
c) Movies
i) Began as nickelodeons
(1) Short 10-15 minute scenes that ran all day
ii) Charlie Chaplin
(1) First movie star
(a) People will pay more, wait longer, and plan around a movie time
(b) Nickelodeons promoted his movies
(2) Always played The Little Tramp
(a) Made fun of Victorian manners
iii) DW Griffith (director)
(1) Birth of a Nation
(a) Outdoor scenery + large cast + drama + 2 hours long = expensive
iv) Popularization of movies turns small business into big businesses
(1) 2nd generation American Jews were major owners
(a) Universal, Paramount, 20th C. Fox, Columbia, Warner Brothers, MGM (Sam Goldwyn, Louis Mayer)
(i) No Yiddish/Jew influence (wholly secular)
1. Made solely for profit
d) Music
i) Tin Pan Alley (NYC)
(1) Place for writing/producing music
(a) Only sheet music
(b) Generic, commercial, bland songs manufactured for the masses
ii) Ragtime
(1) Popularized by Scott Joplin
(a) Played piano using improvisational techniques
iii) Jazz
(1) Began in the black south (New Orleans is one example)
(2) Based on improvisation (opposed to sheet music)
iv) Blues
(1) WC Handy
(a) Producer/promoter of blues music
v) Spread of ragtime/jazz/blues
(1) Great Migration
(a) Southern blacks move to the north
(b) Takes music all over the US
(2) Invention of Victrola Phonograph and improved album
(a) Eliminates need for sheet music/Tin Pan Alley
e) Roaring 20s actually is actually the 10s
2) 1920s
a) Opposition to Prohibition was minority for next 20 years
i) Speakeasies
ii) Bootleggers
b) Jazz/blues
i) Successful because of radio
ii) Louis Armstrong
(1) Use brass (opposed to piano) – never done before
iii) Bessie Smith
(1) Sings about women having sexual desire, heartache, etc.
iv) White response
(1) Some good, mostly all bad though
(a) Looked down at blacks (socially and musically)
(b) Jazz only played in speakeasies (illegal places)
c) Flappers
i) Challenge cultural norm of how a woman should act/dress
(1) Shorter dresses/hair
(2) Showed arms
(3) Smoked cigarettes
(4) Enjoy jazz/blues
(a) Go to speakeasies to hear it
(5) Dance differently
(a) Charleston
(6) Wore cosmetics
(7) People assumed that flappers were sexually active
(a) Exaggerated
d) Movies
i) Silent
ii) Romance movies
(1) Implied sexuality on the part of women
(a) Clara Bow – famous “flapper” actress
iii) The Jazz Singer, 1927
(1) First “talkie” (and about the forbidden jazz)
(a) Everyone shifts to movies with sound
e) Writers
i) Novelists
(1) F. Scott Fitzgerald
(a) The Great Gatsby
(2) Sinclair Lewis
(a) Criticized America/capitalism
(3) Ernest Hemingway
ii) Poets
(1) E.E. Cummings
(a) Wrote with no regards to typical poetry format
3) 1930s
a) Movies (all talking)
i) Gangster movies popularized
(1) Because of sound (gangster flicks sucked without sound)
ii) Romance
(1) Sexuality through words
(a) Mae West
iii) Conservative backlash
(1) Led by catholic church
(2) Production Code Administration
(a) Wanted to take violence, sex, gangs, out of movies
(b) Joe Breen
(i) Catholic Legion of Decency, 1934
1. Threatened to boycott any movie that Joe Breen objected to
2. Censored situations/words/scenes
3. No profanity/dancing/obscenity
iv) Movies after 1934
(1) Pro-catholic
(2) Full censorship of words and ideas
v) Golden age of Hollywood
(1) Challenged production code (not directly)
(a) Writers found ways around the code
(2) Lots of people seeing movies/lots of movies made
(3) Musicals created
(a) Fred Astaire
(4) Screwball comedies
(a) Women portrayed as strong/tough/smart/anti-family
(b) Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
(i) Secretary has to do the work for Mr. Smith
(5) Dramas
(a) Gone With the Wind
(i) Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn
1. Fought production code and won
b) Swing music
i) Variation of jazz
ii) Mainstream, played with big bands
(1) Benny Goodman (King of Swing)
(a) Integrated orchestra
(2) Duke Ellington
(a) Popular with whites/blacks
(i) Didn’t “sound” black on the radio
c) Songs
i) Broadway Musicals
(1) Cole Porter
(a) Wrote popular, fast, up-beat songs with shocking lyrics
d) Other music
i) Grand Ol’ Opry
(1) Mainstream country
(a) Non-electric string instruments
ii) Western swing
(1) Bob Wills
iii) Folk
(1) Woody Guthrie
(a) Sympathy with working man/poor/unemployed)
e) Radio
i) NBC/CBS (national networks)
ii) Highly scheduled
iii) Drama
(1) War of the Worlds (unscheduled)
f) Conclusions (1920s-1930s)
i) Roaring 20s
ii) Symbol of change
(1) Airplanes
(a) Wright Brothers (1900)
(b) Charles Lindbergh (1920)
(i) Message
1. Anything can be done
iii) Urban culture
g) Great Depression
i) Causes
h) Dust Bowl
i) Film
(1) 1931 everything was prosperous for Southern wheat farmers, but Depression affects everyone else across US. People made to believe that south plains were heaven. Invention of tractor is almost 20x faster than horse and plow. Drought, combine with too many people plowing too much ground, too fast, causes Dust Bowl. Static electricity kills all the crops. After 3 years, Roosevelt signs New Deal and it helps farmers a little. 1934, government buys and kills cattle. Every Sunday people go on rabbit drives. April 14, 1935 – black Sunday. Horizon turns completely black for 27 days and nights.
ii) Grapes of Wrath
(1) John Steinbeck
i) New Deal
i) Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1) Elected 1932
(2) Democrat and Liberal
(3) Beliefs
(a) Protestant social gospel, but wanted to unite many people and religions
(b) Catholic support
(i) John Ryan
1. Leading 20th century scholar
2. Correct catholic teaching equates to liberal politics
3. Huge impact
a. Leads to democrat/liberal votes
(c) Jewish support
(i) Liberalism best represents gods ethics
ii) Policies
(1) Government protection of accounts in banks (FDIC)
(2) Government programs to hire workers
(3) Minimum wage established
(a) 8 hour work day established
(4) Agriculture
(a) Dust Bowl
(b) Dams
(i) Provided water
(ii) Provided electricity
(5) Repeal Prohibition
(6) Ethnic/religious inclusion
(a) Reversal of Nativism
(b) Appoint catholic judges
iii) Deficit spending
(1) John Maynard Keynes – economist
(a) Government spending will end the depression because it will end under-consumption
(i) When people spend more money, demand increases
1. Demand=need for a supply=jobs
(2) Money wasn’t wasted because it was spent on valuable things
(a) Post offices, monuments, dams
iv) Popular and successful
(1) Elected 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944
(2) Able to keep his handicapness a secret
v) Critics
(1) Conservatives
(a) Government is doing too much
j) Unions
i) Before the 30s
(1) Most workers don’t belong to a union
(a) Exception – American Federation of Labor (AFL)
(i) Biggest small union
(ii) Members are the highest skilled working elite, white, and native born
ii) CIO formed
(1) Membership was multiracial and multigendered
(2) Organized skilled and unskilled workers (coal/auto/steel/clothes/etc.)
(3) Directly challenged AFL
(4) Religious and ethnic coalition
(a) Catholics
(i) Church officially supported unions now
(b) Jews
(i) Considered a religious duty to join and support unions
(c) Protestants
(i) Move past Nativism, working with other religions here
(d) Atheists
(i) Communists
1. Popular front
a. Strategy to seem normal/pro-American
i. Downplay revolutionary tendencies, form alliances with non-communists
(5) Walter Reuther (CIO organizer)
(a) Created sit-down strike (General Motors strike)
(i) Prevented employer violence because they didn’t want to damage equipment
(ii) Helped keep out strike breakers
(b) Steel strike
(i) Sit-down style losing effectiveness so he went back to normal striking
1. Violence ensued
a. Memorial Day Massacre
i. Company lied about cause of violence (caused by a communist riot)
ii. Initially their story was believed (CIO losing)
iii. New Deal investigation cleared their name
(c) Successful strikes won higher wages, hour limits, etc.
(i) CIO gaining 400,000 to 2 million members a year, for years
iii) Why/how were unions effective
(1) Wagner Act (New Deal) – made it easier to gain members, bargain with businesses, and harder for businesses to end legitimate strikes
(2) Working class unity – less immigration (from quotas) meant that a generation of whites/immigrants grew up together
(3) Geographic
(a) Higher city concentrations of people (North) meant a greater need to be organized
iv) Why ineffective
(1) AFL was growing also (striking/winning)
(a) Since it was a rival company it kept CIO from growth (in some aspects)
(2) Businesses still fiercely opposed unions
